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Phenomenological inquiry, or qualitative research, uses a naturalistic approach that seeks to understand phenomena in context-specific settings. Logical positivism, or quantitative research, uses experimental methods and quantitative measures to test hypothetical generalizations. Each represents a fundamentally different inquiry paradigm, and researcher actions are based on the underlying assumptions of each paradigm.
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Qualitative research, broadly defined, means “any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification” (Strauss and Corbin, 1990, p. 17). Where quantitative researchers seek causal determination, prediction, and generalization of findings, qualitative researchers seek instead illumination, understanding, and extrapolation to similar situations. Qualitative analysis results in a different type of knowledge than does quantitative inquiry.
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Eisner points out that all knowledge, including that gained through quantitative research, is referenced in qualities, and that there are many ways to represent our understanding of the world: This sentiment echoes that of an earlier writer. Cronbach (1975) states that “the special task of the social scientist in each generation is to pin down the contemporary facts. Beyond that, he shares with the humanistic scholar and the artist in the effort to gain insight into contemporary relationships” (p. 126). Cronbach claims that statistical research is not able to take full account of the many interaction effects that take place in social settings.
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He gives examples of several empirical “laws” that do not hold true in actual settings to illustrate this point. Cronbach states that “the time has come to exorcise the null hypothesis,” because it ignores effects that may be important, but that are not statistically significant (1975, p. 124). Qualitative inquiry accepts the complex and dynamic quality of the social world. However, it is not necessary to pit these two paradigms against one another in a competing stance.
