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Gujarati Medium Textbook pdf Download
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Textbook Name: Std-12 Philosophy-Tatvagyan
Language:
Class: Standard - 12
Published by: Gujarat State Board of School Textbooks (GSSTB)
Download Mode and Format: Online Mode and PDF Format File
Official Website: gujarat-education.gov.in/textbook/
Std-12 Philosophy-Tatvagyan
The researcher cannot specify the transferability of findings; he or she can only provide sufficient information that can then be used by the reader to determine whether the findings are applicable to the new situation (Lincoln and Guba, 1985). Other writers use similar language to describe transferability, if not the word itself. For example, Stake (1978) refers to what he calls “naturalistic generalization” (p. 6). Patton suggests that “extrapolation” is an appropriate term for this process (1990, p. 489).
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Eisner says it is a form of “retrospective generalization” that can allow us to understand our past (and future) experiences in a new way (1991, p. 205). Conventional wisdom says that research which relies on quantitative measures to define a situation is relatively value-free, and therefore objective. Qualitative research, which relies on interpretations and is admittedly valuebound, is considered to be subjective. In the world of conventional research, subjectivity leads to results that are both unreliable and invalid.
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There are many researchers, however, who call into question the true objectivity of statistical measures and, indeed, the possibility of ever attaining pure objectivity at all (Lincoln and Guba, 1985; Eisner, 1991). Patton (1990) believes that the terms objectivity and subjectivity have become “ideological ammunition in the paradigms debate.” He prefers to “avoid using either word and to stay out of futile debates about subjectivity versus objectivity.” Instead, he strives for “empathic neutrality” (p. 55).
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While admitting that these two words appear to be contradictory, Patton points out that empathy “is a stance toward the people one encounters, while neutrality is a stance toward the findings” (p. 58). A researcher who is neutral tries to be nonjudgmental, and strives to report what is found in a balanced way.
