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GCERT TEXTBOOK PDF DOWNLOAD
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You can see STD 12 ARTS_COMMERCE All SUBJECT GCERT TEXTBOOK PDF DOWNLOAD. All GCERT Book updated in last year. Observations The classic form of data collection in naturalistic or field research is observation of participants in the context of a natural scene. Observational data are used for the purpose of description—of settings, activities, people, and the meanings of what is observed from the perspective of the participants.
STD 12 ARTS_COMMERCE All SUBJECT Textbook
Observation can lead to deeper understandings than interviews alone, because it provides a knowledge of the context in which events occur, and may enable the researcher to see things that participants themselves are not aware of, or that they are unwilling to discuss (Patton, 1990). A skilled observer is one who is trained in the process of monitoring both verbal and nonverbal cues, and in the use of concrete, unambiguous, descriptive language. Sours’ (1997) study of teaching and learning styles provides a good example of descriptive language applied to the technology classroom. There are several observation strategies available.
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In some cases it may be possible and desirable for the researcher to watch from outside, without being observed. Another option is to maintain a passive presence, being as unobtrusive as possible and not interacting with participants. A third strategy is to engage in limited interaction, intervening only when further clarification of actions is needed.
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Each of these strategies has specific advantages, disadvantages and concerns which must be carefully examined by the researcher (Schatzman and Strauss, 1973). The presence of an observer is likely to introduce a distortion of the natural scene which the researcher must be aware of, and work to minimize.Or the researcher may exercise more active control over the observation, as in the case of a formal interview, to elicit specific types of information. Finally, the researcher may act as a full participant in the situation, with either a hidden or known identity.
