Std-4 Environment_Gujarati Medium
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Textbook Name: Std-4 Environment_Gujarati Medium
Language: Gujarati
Class: Standard -3
Published by: Gujarat State Board of School Textbooks (GSSTB)
Download Format: Online Mode and PDF Format File
Official Website: gujarat-education.gov.in
GSEB Textbook Std-4 Environment_Gujarati medium PDF
The implication is that hypotheses and theories are less secure than laws. A former U.S. president expressed his misunderstanding of science by saying that he was not troubled by the idea of evolution because it was, in his words, “just a theory.” The president’s misstatement is the essence of this myth; an idea is not worthy of consideration until “lawness” has been bestowed upon it.
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Theories and laws are very different kinds of knowledge, but the misconception portrays them as different forms of the same knowledge construct. Of course there is a relationship between laws and theories, but it is not the case that one simply becomes the other -- no matter how much empirical evidence is amassed.
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Dunbar (1995) addresses the distinction in a very useful fashion by calling laws ‘‘cookbook science,” and the explanations “theoretical science.” He labels the multiple examples of the kind of science practiced by traditional peoples as “cookbook” because those who apply the rules after observing the patterns in nature, do not understand why nature operates in the fashion that it does. The rules work and that is enoughEven in more sophisticated settings, cookbook science is occasionally practiced.
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Laws are generalizations, principles or patterns in nature and theories are the explanations of those generalizations (Rhodes and Schaible, 1989; Homer and Rubba, 1979; Campbell, 1953). For example, Newton described the relationship of mass and distance to gravitational attraction between objects with such precision that we can use the law of gravity to plan spaceflights.
Gujarati Medium Textbook pdf download - GCERT Book
During the Apollo 8 mission, astronaut Bill Anders responded to the question of who was flying the spacecraft by saying, “I think Isaac Newton is doing most of the driving right now” (Chaikin, 1994, p. 127). His response was understood to mean that the capsule was simply following the basic laws of physics described by Isaac Newton centuries earlier.
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